The Effort Paradox: Effort Is Both Costly and Valued

The Effort Paradox: Effort Is Both Costly and Valued.

According to prominent models in cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and economics, effort (be it physical or mental) is costly: when given a choice, humans and non-human animals alike tend to avoid effort. Here, we suggest that the opposite is also true and review extensive evidence that effort can also add value. Not only can the same outcomes be more rewarding if we apply more (not less) eff...

Duration of courtship effort as a costly signal.

We consider a male and a female in a courtship encounter over continuous time. Both parties pay participation costs per unit time. The game ends when either one or other of the parties quits or the female accepts the male as a mate. We assume that there is a binary variable which determines whether the male is a "good" or "bad" type from the female's point of view, according to either his condi...

Understanding the Paradox of Mental Effort in Online Learning Conversations

Effort in Multitasking: Local and Global Assessment of Effort

When performing multiple tasks in succession, self-organization of task order might be superior compared to external-controlled task schedules, because self-organization allows optimizing processing modes and thus reduces switch costs, and it increases commitment to task goals. However, self-organization is an additional executive control process that is not required if task order is externally...

Interconnect Effort - A Unification of Repeater Insertion and Logical Effort

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